In the examples below, the slash symbol: / is used to separate keystrokes

1. SETTING THE NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES:

Orange Key / = Key (DISP) / Number of desired decimal places

Examples:
Orange Key / = / 2 (to set display to two places, good for bond prices, e.g. $975.42)
Orange Key / = / 4 (to set display to four places, good for ex-rates, e.g. $1.5074 / £)

NOTE: Setting to two decimal places is not appropriate when calculating answers involving certain percentages or interest rates. For example, suppose your answer is an interest rate: .0851, or 8.51%. If your calculator is set to two decimal places, it will round your answer to .09 or 9%, which is almost .5% away from 8.51%. Be sure in this case that you set your calculator to display three or four decimal places, since 9% would not qualify for full credit when the true answer is 8.51%!! With experience, you will get used to changing the decimal display to the appropriate setting, based on the problem.

2. CLEARING THE CALCULATOR

To clear the calculator display (screen) only, use the C key (bottom left corner). This will NOT clear any of the financial registers, memory registers, or statistical registers.

To clear EVERYTHING (all registers), Enter the ORANGE KEY and then the C key to access the "C ALL" function.

3. PERCENTAGE CHANGE:

General format: A variable goes from X1 to X2, what is the percentage change in X?

First number (X1) / INPUT / Second Number (X2) / Orange Key / % Key (to access %CHG)

Example: Find the inflation rate if the Consumer Price Index goes from 114 to 120:

Solution: 114 / INPUT / 120 / Orange Key / % (Answer: 5.26%)

Example: Real GDP goes from $8800B to $9200B, what is the growth rate of real output?

Solution: 8800 / Input / 9200 / Orange Key / % (Answer: 4.55%)

Example: If the $/£ rate goes from $1.80 to $1.90, what is the percentage change in the UK pound?

Solution: 1.8 / Input / 1.9 / Orange Key / % (Answer: 5.56%)

4. PERCENTAGE INCREASE OR DECREASE:

General format: Variable X increases (decreases) by Y%.

Example: A stock is $62 and increases by 5%.
62 / + / 5 / % / = (Answer: $65.10)

Example: Sales in 2006 are $7m and fall by 2% in 2007.
7 / - / 2 / % / = (Answer: $6.86m)

Example: The current ex-rate is $1.80 / £. The pound is expected to appreciate over the next year and is selling at a one-year forward premium of 4%. What is the forward rate for the pound?

1.8 / + / 4 / % / = (Answer: $1.8720 / £ )

5. TO CHANGE THE SIGN OF A NUMBER

The + / - key will change the sign of a number.

Example: To enter $950 as a negative number for PV:

950 / +/- / PV

6. TO SET PAYMENTS PER YEAR

The factory default setting is 12 PMTS / YR. You should change this setting to 1 PMT per Year for this class, using the P/YR key (in orange below the PMT key)!

Example: 1 / Orange Key / PMT Key (Sets Payments/YR to 1)

Most of the problems in this class will be 1 PMT/YR.

7. BEG/END OF PERIODS

The BEG/END key (in Orange below the MAR key for the HP-10BII) will change PMTS/CFs from End-of-Period to Beginning-of-Period

To set to BEG of period: a) Orange Key / MAR (You will now see the word "BEGIN" on your display) for HP-10B.

The normal assumption is that CFs and PMTS typically occur at the END OF PERIOD. Some payments do occur at the beginning of the period (Rent/lease/lottery) but that is the NON-NORMAL situation, which is why the word BEGIN is displayed, to remind you that you are in the NON-NORMAL mode.

To set to END of Period: Orange Key / MAR (The word BEGIN will now disappear)

8. EXPONENTS:

Solution for Yx:

Number (Y) / Orange Key / X Key (with yx below for the HP-10BII) / Exponent Value

Example: Solve for (1.01)12

1.01/ Orange Key / X Key / 12 / = (Answer: 1.1268)

Example: Find the square root of 125

125 / Orange Key / X Key / .5 / = (Answer: 11.1803)

Or you can use the Square Root function in Orange on the minus (-) key.

9. TIME VALUE OF MONEY:

Example: What is the future value (FV) in 10 years (N) of $1000 invested today (PV) at an interest rate of 12% (I)?

10 / N
12 / I
1000 / PV
0 / PMT (we are not using this key for this problem, but want to be sure it is set to 0)

FV (Answer: $3105.85)

(Hint: set decimals to two places for this problem)

Example: What is the Present Value (PV) of $1000 to be received (FV) in 5 years (N) at an interest rate of 8% (I)?

5 / N
8 / I
0 / PMT
1000 / FV

PV ($680.58)

Example: If you invest $700 today (PV) and receive $850 in two years (FV), what is your rate of return or yield on your investment (I)?

2 / N
700 / +/- Key / PV (makes the price or original investment a NEGATIVE CF)
0 / PMT
850 / FV

I (Answer: 10.19%)

NOTE: If you enter both $700 for PV as a positive number AND $850 for FV as a positive number, you will get this message: NO SOLUTION. You must make one number negative to solve for I. To calculate a rate of return (I), or a yield on investment, the calculator needs to know that $700 (PV) is a NEGATIVE CF, or CASH OUT or your INITIAL INVESTMENT and the $850 (FV) is a POSITIVE CF, or CASH IN. Intuition: To get a return on investment, you must first purchase a security (CASH OUT) and then later get something back (CASH IN).

10. BONDS

ANNUAL PAYMENT BOND: What is the yield (YTM) on a 20 year bond (N), with a face value (FV) of $1000, a price of $925 (PV) and a coupon rate of 8% (PMT = $80 or 8% of the face value of $1000), coupon payments are annual?

20 / N
925 / +/- Key / PV (make the price (PV) negative)
80 / PMT
1000 / FV

Solve for I (Answer: 8.81%)

SEMI-ANNUAL PAYMENT BOND: What is the price of a 10-year bond with semi-annual coupon payments if the coupon rate is 8%, the current interest rate is 6% and the face value is $1000?

20 / N (# semi-annual periods is 20, or 10 years x 2 periods per year)
3 / I (semi-annual interest rate is 6% / 2 = 3%)
40 / PMT (semi-annual payments are = $1000 x 8% = $80 / 2 = $40)
1000 / FV

Solve for Price (PV) = $1148.77

10. MONTHLY LOAN PAYMENTS

Calculate the monthly payments for a 30-year, $100,000 mortgage at an interest rate of 6%.

360 / N Number of months = 30 years X 12 months = 360

.50 / I (Monthly interest rate = 6.00% Annual Rate / 12 months)

100,000 / PV Mortgage Amount (you receive this amount)

FV 0 (Mortgage is paid off at the end of 30 years, or 360 months)

Solve for PMT = -$599.55 (You pay this amount every month)

11. CASH FLOWS (NOTE: PMT key is for CONSTANT CFs only)

Suppose there is a series of NON-CONSTANT CFs, such as:

YR 1: $100
YR 2: $150
YR 3: $200

What is the PV of the above CFs if the interest rate is 10%? (Note: We cannot use the PMT key, because the CFs are not constant, we use the CFj key).

0 CFj (to set the first CF to 0)
100 / CFj
150 / CFj
200 / CFj
10 / I
Orange Key / PRC Key (to access NPV in Orange on PRC key) (Answer: $365.14)

12. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) / Net Present Value (NPV)

Suppose you have the CFs above, but an initial investment of $325.

a. What is your annual rate of return (%) on the investment (IRR)?

(325) CFj (make this CF negative, it is your initial investment, or cash outflow)
100 / CFj
150 / CFj
200 / CFj
Orange Key / CST Key (to access IRR/YR in orange on CST key) (Answer: 16.14%)

b. What is the Net Present Value ($) of your investment if the appropriate discount rate (cost of capital) is 10%?

(325) CFj (make this CF negative, it is your initial investment)
100 / CFj
150 / CFj
200 / CFj

10 / I/YR (Cost of capital)

Orange Key / PRC Key (to access NPV in Orange on PRC key) (Answer: $40.14)